Functional failures of organs can be permanently compensated only by transplants or artificial organs. Due to the lack of suitable donor organs, only a very small part of the functional failures of organs will be able to be treated by transplants. The implementation of this Priority Program "Towards an Implantable Lung" requires complementary, well-networked competencies in the natural sciences, engineering and material sciences as well as in medicine and medical technology. On this basis, interdisciplinary teams are to create synergies and take significant steps towards the development of an artificial implantable lung.